Sean - Great post!
You have thrown a few wrenches into the works.
Here's my attempt to wrestle with them:
So lets assume an attacker has your wife and is going to kill your wife. Do you kill the attacker to protect your wife? Is that the love Jesus spoke about? I'm not so sure.
In bringing up the "love Jesus spoke about", it begs the question - Love for whom? I have a responsibility to love my wife and a responsibility to love the attacker. When in a situation where acting on my love for one results in harm or violence for the other, how do I choose?
First, it seems this is exactly what Peter was trying to do when he drew is sword. He was trying to protect Jesus, not himself. But Jesus stopped him. One could say this was because Jesus had to die this way, but...
Second, Jesus said He could called 12 legions of angels if He so desired, but He did not.
Jesus refusal to act in his own defense (calling the angels) and his halting the violence of Peter, differ from the above scenario you describe in 2 ways -
1) Jesus was certain of his calling to go to the cross, based on revelations given him over the course of his life, especially his Gethsemane prayer. Any defense against that was to disobey God's calling.
2) Jesus was the object of the aggression. He chose to not defend
himself. He convinces the aggressive party of soldiers to let the disciples go (even though a good number of them had already run out on him). While he didn't employ violence, he did actively work to let them escape.
Third, eventually the apostles were also put to death but other Christians did not seem to "love" the apostles enough to kill their attackers.
The apostles were murdered by the state, or mobs in circumstances that seemed to offer no hope of escape from any sort of self defense. In Steve's article (linked above), he makes a case that when confronted with an aggressive situation where the only outcome of self defense is to "kill as many as possible before killed", this sort of self defense isn't biblical, moral or even reasonable.
Fourth, James mentions (James 5:6) the righteous being murdered without resistance. Did these righteous have no one who "loves" them enough to fight for them? You mean they didn't even put up a fight? Why?
The context of this passage is James condemning the evil rich. He refers to their murder of the righteous while they offered no resistance in order to pile up the guilt on those who would kill peaceful people. The lack of resistance may be describing that these righteous were powerless against the evil power that these rich had at their disposal. I don't think this passage is making the case for non-resistance.
Also, I often wondered if James is condemning the rich Jewish leaders (Sanhedrin, etc). His statement of verse 6 may be referring to Jesus as "the righteous person" (note singular).
Sixth, in Romans 12 Paul states "Repay no one evil for evil." and "do not avenge yourselves" "but rather give place to wrath". In Romans 13 it says: "For he (the authority) is God’s minister to you for good. But if you do evil, be afraid; for he does not bear the sword in vain; for he is God’s minister, an avenger to execute wrath on him who practices evil."
Vengeance is different from self defense.
Self defense - An aggressor is coming for your family member. If you do nothing, he will cause harm to them in a matter of seconds.
Vengeance - Tracking down an aggressor later and shooting him or an aggressor is no longer a threat to your family but you choose to harm him anyway.
Fifth, couldn't Jesus have sent 12 legions of angels down to save the apostles and other righteous people who were killed? It certainly seems Jesus could have protected His apostles but instead He let them die. Does this mean Jesus didn't "love" them because He could have protected them from harm but did not? Yet we are told Christ loves the church. She is His bride. Apparently this does not mean love equates to killing aggressors who seek to take your life or the life of your loved ones.
I swapped the order because this makes your best argument.
It presents the question - "If God doesn't save them, am I interfering with his plan by coming to their defense?"
An issue surfaces - How would I ever know if God wants to save them or not? Perhaps, I'm there as the plan of God to save them?
Bottom line for me so far -
While disciples of Christ are required to entrust everything to God, we are also called to act on our and other's behalf. For instance, I know that God is the ultimate provider for myself and my family, I don't just wait around for money and food to fall from the sky.
When faced with an aggressor that threatens my family, is it trust in God to do nothing, or is it negligence?
All this issue wrestling is tough...
